What we see around us is definitely made of matter and the existence of matter started with the creation of the universe. Human beings know the difference in things with their consciousness and knowledge and put them in different groups so that they can understand things easily.
In the same way, humans saw different properties of matter and gave them different names. We call the matter with these different properties as elements.
What Is An Element?
In simple words, an element is called an atom. Due to the different numbers of protons in the atoms, their properties are also different, so they have been given different names to identify different atoms, which we call “chemical elements”. For example:
An atom with a proton is hydrogen,
An atom with two protons is helium,
An atom with three protons is called lithium.
If I simplify it further, its definition goes something like this. An element is the simplest form of matter that cannot be reduced to a simpler substance by any chemical process. An element is a basic material from which all matter is made.
For example
Water is not the simplest form of matter, but it is formed by the chemical interaction between the two simplest substances, hydrogen and oxygen.
In the same way, the salt eaten at home is also the two simplest substances sodium (Na) and chloride (Chloride).
It is composed of.
Have you ever wondered how the simplest substances I mentioned above got their names? First of all, let me tell you that till now, humans have found 118 simplest substances through research. These substances have got different names for different reasons.
- 1. Some substances are named after scientists in their honor.
=>Bohrium (Scientist “Niels Bohar”) (symbol “”Bh””)
=> Curium (Scientist “Madame Curie”) (symbol “Cm”)
=> Mendelevium (Scientist “Dmitri Mendeleev”) (Symbol “Md”)
=>Einsteinium (Scientist “Albert Einstein”) (symbol “Es”)
=>Rutherfordium (Scientist “Ernest Rutherford”) (symbol “Rf”)
=>Nobelium (scientist “”Alfred Nobel””) (symbol “No”)
- 2. Some elements were named after celestial bodies.
=> Helium (Sun) “”H””
=> Selenium (moon) “‘Se””
=> Mercury (planet “mercury”) “”Hg””
=> Uranium (planet “Uranus”) “”U””
=> Tellurium (Earth) “””Te”””
=> Plutonium (planet “Pluto”) “Pu”
=> Neptunium (planet “”Neptune””) “Np”
=> Palladium (asteroid “”Pallas””) “”Pd””
=> Cerium (asteroid “”Ceres”‘) “”Ce””
- 3. Some elements were named after different countries and places.
=> Americium (country “”America”) “”Am””
=> Francium (France) “””Fr”””
=> Germanium (Germany) “”Ge”
=> Polonium (Poland) “””Po””
=> Europium (Europe) “”Eu””
=> Californium (California) “”Cf””
- 4. Some elements are named because of different colors.
=> Chlorine (colour “greenish-yellow) “”Cl””
=> Chromium (Colourful) “”Cr””
=> Iodine (colour “”violet””)””” I””
=>Iridium (colour “”rainbow””) “”Ir””
=> Indium (colour “”Indigo””) “”In””
=> Bromine (colour “”brown””) “”Br””
Some elements have names in Latin etc. but they also have English names, which is why they have two names.
English names will be written first then Latin names.
- sodium —(Latin”” Natrium””) “”Na””
- potassium —(Latin “” Kalium””) “””K””
- antimony — (Latin “”Stibium””) “”Sb””
- iron —(latin “”Ferrum””) “”Fe””
- copper —( latin “”Cuprum”)”” Cu””
- gold —(latin “”Aurum””) “””Au””
- silver — (latin “”Argentum””)””” Ag””
- tin —(latin “”Stannum”) “”Sn””
- mercury — (Latin “”Hydrargyrum””) “”Hg””
- Lead –(Latin””‘ Plumbum””) “”Pb””
- Tungsten– (latin “”Wolfram””). “W”
Hope you have a little understanding that elements have different names for different reasons. There is no special rule for naming. Due to the lack of special rules and rules for naming the elements, many problems have arisen which we will mention later.
Perhaps you have seen some separate English alphabets above. For example, Pd, H, Hg, Br, W, etc.
Actually, these are abbreviations for the names of the elements. If we take a little look at the historical background of these symbols, it shows that initially there was a different way of representing the elements.
In 1803, an English scientist, John Dalton, first proposed to write the elements as symbols instead of their names.
Jon Dalton’s method was to write the elements by different types of false shapes instead of their names. I can’t type here, so for that, you can see picture number 1. Where you can see Jon Dalton’s shapes.
About a decade later, in 1813, a Swedish chemist, Jon Jacob Berzelius, proposed to write the elements by the letters of their names instead of the different forms that are still practiced today, such as H for hydrogen. Similarly, Helium is He. is written from.
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Abbreviations for element names (Symbols of chemical elements) are called.
Principles of writing elements as symbols
Elements are represented in a short form with the help of alphabets and their chemical symbols are called Chemical Symbols. The chemical symbol of an element is the short form of its chemical name.
- Element symbols are written in English script.
- The first letter of the English name is used as the symbol of the elements. For example, hydrogen, oxygen, boron, etc. can be represented as H, O, and B respectively.
- A pair of letters can be used when two or more elements have the same initial letter. For example, carbon and chlorine both have C as their first letter so carbon is represented as C while chlorine is represented as Cl.
- Symbols of some elements are derived from their Latin names. The Latin names for gold and sodium are (Aurum) and (Natrium) respectively. So Au and Na are the chemical symbols of gold and sodium respectively.
- The first letter is always in capital letter form while the remaining letters are written in small letters.
We have read earlier that some problems arose due to the lack of rules and regulations for naming the elements, that is, when a scientist or a country, or an organization discovered an element, they named it by their own will.
When the element atomic number 104 was discovered, two countries, the United States and the Soviet Union disagreed over its name. “RF” while the Russians named it the Kurchatovium symbol “Ku”.
Similarly, there are some other elements whose names are controversial. For example, element atomic number 107 also has two names, one is Neilsbohrium symbol “Ns” while the other name is Bohrium symbol “Bh”.
To solve these nomenclature problems (IUPAC) formed a committee “CNIC” but first, let’s try to know a little about IUPAC.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Symbol (IUPAC) The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry is an international federation working for the advancement of the chemical sciences, particularly by developing their nomenclature and terminology. It is a member of the International Science Council.
(Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry) is the abbreviation of C, N, IC.
In 1978, the IUPAC created a CNIC (Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry) to eliminate element naming and symbol problems. The IUPAC was to provide a clear rule for the systematic naming of elements with atomic numbers above 100. In 1997, the Commission, together with scientists around the world, proposed a system.
Elements should be named following the following rules:
Element names should be short. Additionally, the name of the element must be related to its atomic number. Whether an element has an atomic number 100 or above and is a metal or non-metal, its name must end in ‘ium’.
In the systematic name of elements with atomic number 100, the element symbols must consist of three letters. The symbol should be derived from the atomic number of the element.
The names of elements with atomic numbers (Z) from 101 to 103 also have two-letter symbols accepted by IUPAC. e.g.
- 101 Mendelevium (Unnilunium) Md*
- 102 Nobelium (Unnilbium) No*
- 103 Lawrencium (Unniltrium) Lr*
- Chemical elements with atomic numbers above 100 are also called “superheavy” elements.
- The Commission mentions the use of a three-letter structure for chemical elements with Z=100 or above. Because of any scientifically derived set of two-letter symbols, some elements with atomic numbers less than 104 are copied.
- Name the elements with atomic number (Z) greater than 100
- The name of an element can be derived directly from its atomic number using the following Latin and Greek prime numbers.
- 0 = nil
- 1 = un (u)
- 2 = bi (b)
- 3 = tri (t)
- 4 = quad (q)
- 5 = pent (p)
- 6 = hex (h)
- 7 = sept (s)
- 8 = oct (o)
- 9 = enn (e)
(1) The base numbers are placed together numerically, forming the atomic number and ending in “ium” to spell the name.
(2) The element symbol consists of the initial letters of the base number, which form the name.
For example, let’s find the name of the element with atomic number 120:
1 for un
2 for bi
is nil for 0
Hence the name of the element with atomic number 120
1+2+0+ium
un + bi + nil + ium =Unbinilium
The name of the element with atomic number 120 is Unbinilium.
Now coming to the symbol.
You can see the prime number symbols above
1 symbol U
Symbol of 2 b
The symbol for 0 is n
U+b+n=Ubn
So its symbol is Ubn.
Remember that the first letter is always a capital letter. The rest are written in small letters.
It is important to note that if the last digit like bi ends with the letter ‘i’ then just add ‘um’. For example the name 102
1=Un
0 = nil
2 = bi
Un+nil+bi+um (not ium) = Unnilbium.
A few examples are as follows
- 101 Unnilunium Unu
- 102 Unnilbium Unb
- 103 Unniltrium Unt
- 104 Unnilquadium Unq
- 105 Unnilpentium Unp
- 106 Unnilhexium Unh
- 107 Unnilseptium Uns
- 108 Unniloctium Uno
- 109 Unnilennium Une
- 110 Ununnilium Uun
- 111 Unununium Uuu
- 112 Ununbium Uub
- 113 Ununtrium Uut
- 114 Ununquadium Uuq
- 115 Ununpentium Uup
- 116 Ununhexium Uuh
- 117 Ununseptium Uus
- 118 Ununoctium Uuo
- 119 Ununennium Uue
- 120 Unbinilium Ubn
- 121 Unbiunium Ubu
- 130 Untrinilium Utn
- 140 Unquadnilium Uqn
- 150 Unpentnilium Upn
- 160 Unhexnilium Uhn
- 170 Unseptnilium Usn
- 180 Unoctnilium Uon
- 190 Unennilium Uen
- 200 Binilnilium Bnn
- 201 Binilunium Bnu
- 202 Binilbium Bnb
- 300 Trinilnilium Tnn
- 400 Quadnilnilium Qnn
- 500 Pentnilnilium Pnn
- 900 Ennilnilium Enn
If we look at the element from a historical aspect, which element was discovered at what time and by whom, the following brief information is given in Figure 2.3.4.
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